Speaker: Gjorgji Ilievski (email: gjorgjii@nextsense.com)

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) constitutes a specialized domain within computer science that seeks to replicate human cognitive processes and knowledge within computational systems. Over the past decade, the advancement of AI has been remarkable, with projections indicating its widespread integration across multiple sectors in the near future. Such integration may manifest either through the automation of tasks traditionally performed by humans or through augmenting human efficiency in accomplishing complex activities. Despite its transformative potential, AI adoption is accompanied by a number of inherent challenges and limitations. Critical obstacles include the development of robust and reliable algorithms, safeguarding data integrity, ensuring security, and addressing concerns related to privacy. Signature Activation Module (SAM), which is an essential part of qualified remote signing technology, can help overcome some of these obstacles. Formally, under the eIDAS Regulation (EU No 910/2014), a SAM is a logical or physical module that enforces the sole control of the signatory over their qualified signature creation data (QSCD). The integration of a SAM with AI services constitutes the critical distinction between AI functioning merely as a tool for generating preliminary outputs or drafts, and AI being capable of producing legally binding results under conditions of human-controlled, eIDAS-compliant trust and accountability. This ensures that the output, while technically produced with the support of AI, is issued under explicit human control and authentication, thus fulfilling the regulatory requirements for legal validity, accountability, and non-repudiation. In this way, SAM serves as the technological and regulatory bridge that transforms AI from a purely assistive system into a compliant actor within trust frameworks, thereby enabling the production of legally binding outcomes while maintaining the principle of human oversight mandated by European digital trust standards. Further, we present the possible applications and uses of a specific SAM implementation, the Nextsense NSSAM, which is part of NS Remote Signing Services, in various AI models and services.